France

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Comprehensive system of sample-based NLSA with system-wide monitoring purposes in place since 2003 – a wide range of subjects are assessed on a rotatory basis.


Census-based NLSA in place since the late 1990s and expanded in the late 2000s. It is conceived as a diagnostic tool oriented at identifying students’ individual needs and monitoring individual achievement, but used also to inform school and teaching improvement strategies, and as a system-wide monitoring tool.